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    <title>Scientific Advice: ECDC Reviews</title>
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      <title>Scientific advice: ECDC Reviews</title>
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      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/all items.aspx</link>
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      <title>Surveillance of the chikungunya vector Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Emilia-Romagna (northern Italy): organizational and technical aspects of a large scale monitoring system</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=1218</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The chikungunya virus outbreak that occurred in 2007 in northern Italy (Emilia-Romagna region) prompted the development of a large scale monitoring system of the population density of <EM>Aedes albopictus</EM> (Skuse, 1894), comparable at the provincial and municipal levels. In 2007, egg density data presented an aggregated distribution (VMR &gt;1) and Taylor's power law was applied to calculate the minimum number of ovitraps needed to obtain the prefixed precision levels: D=0.2 in the areas where the chikungunya epidemic occurred and D=0.3 in all the other urban areas &gt;600 ha. ]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 Nov 2011 17:28:08 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Trends in Imported Chikungunya Virus Infections in Germany, 2006-2009</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=1084</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 May 2011 09:39:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=1084</guid>
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      <title>Mosquitoes in Malta: Preliminary entomological investigation and risk assessment for vector-borne diseases (Diptera: Culicidae)</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=1053</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Apr 2011 11:34:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=1053</guid>
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      <title>Protracted rheumatic manifestations in travelers</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=1039</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes a small retrospective observational study of Israeli travellers presenting to a tropical medicine clinic with a history of prolonged (&gt;4 weeks), non-traumatic arthralgia or arthritis over a 5 year period.]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Mar 2011 16:02:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=1039</guid>
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      <title>Host-Feeding Patterns of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Urban and Rural Contexts within Rome Province, Italy</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=907</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Knowledge of the frequency of contact between a mosquito species and its different hosts is essential to understand the role of each vector species in the transmission of diseases to humans and/or animals. ]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Jul 2010 16:14:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=907</guid>
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      <title>Blood-Feeding Behavior of Aedes albopictus, a Vector of Chikungunya on La Réunion</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=906</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has long been considered to be transmitted to humans by the human-biting mosquito Aedes aegypti, especially in Africa.]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Jul 2010 16:10:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=906</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Sterile-Insect Methods for Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases: An Analysis</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=905</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Effective vector control, and more specifically mosquito control, is a complex and difficult problem, as illustrated by the continuing prevalence (and spread) of mosquito-transmitted diseases. ]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Jul 2010 16:02:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=905</guid>
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      <title>Comparative Role of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti in the Emergence of Dengue and Chikungunya in Central Africa</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=904</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since its discovery in Nigeria in 1991, <EM>Aedes albopictus</EM> has invaded much of Central Africa, a region where <EM>Ae. aegypti</EM> also occurs. ]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Jul 2010 16:00:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=904</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Challenges in predicting climate and environmental effects on vector-borne disease episystems in a changing world</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=872</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses at great length the difficulty in predicting the effects of climate change on vector-borne disease.]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jun 2010 13:46:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=872</guid>
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      <title>Are Aedes albopictus or other mosquito species from northern Italy competent to sustain new arboviral outbreaks? </title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=829</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Asian tiger mosquito <EM>Aedes albopictus</EM> (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), native to Southeast Asia, has extended its geographical distribution to invade new temperate and tropical regions. ]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 May 2010 14:15:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=829</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Are Aedes albopictus or other mosquito species from northern Italy competent to sustain new arboviral outbreaks?</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=773</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Asian tiger mosquito <EM>Aedes albopictus</EM> (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), native to Southeast Asia, has extended its geographical distribution to invade new temperate and tropical regions. This species was introduced in 1990 to Italy and has since become the main pest in urban settings. ]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Apr 2010 07:59:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=773</guid>
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      <title>Recently introduced Aedes albopictus in Corsica is competent to Chikungunya virus and in a lesser extent to dengue virus</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=709</link>
      <description><![CDATA[<EM>Aedes albopictus</EM> has been established in Europe for some decades rendering temperate countries vulnerable to tropical diseases. ]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Jan 2010 11:00:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=709</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pan-European Chikungunya surveillance: designing risk stratified surveillance zones</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=707</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The first documented transmission of Chikungunya within Europe took place in Italy during the summer of 2007. Chikungunya, a viral infection affecting millions of people across Africa and Asia, can be debilitating and no prophylactic treatment exists. ]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Jan 2010 10:56:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=707</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>First record of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Malta and a second record of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Malta</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=706</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Both papers give the first records of <EM>Aedes albopictus</EM> in Malta.]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Jan 2010 10:38:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=706</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Introduction and establishment of the exotic mosquito species Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Belgium</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=704</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The establishment of the potential vector species <EM>Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus</EM> (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern Belgium is reported. ]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Jan 2010 12:16:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=704</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The invasive mosquito Aedes japonicus in Central Europe</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=703</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Complaints about a biting pest led to the recognition of invasive <EM>Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus</EM> (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Central Europe. ]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Jan 2010 12:00:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=703</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pan-European Chikungunya surveillance: designing risk stratified surveillance zones.</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=701</link>
      <description><![CDATA[<P>The first documented transmission of Chikungunya virus within Europe took place in Italy during the summer of 2007. Available evidence suggests that <EM>Aedes albopictus </EM>was the vector responsible.</P>]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Jan 2010 13:12:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=701</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Recently introduced Aedes albopictus in Corsica is competent to Chikungunya virus and in a lesser extent to dengue virus.</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=700</link>
      <description><![CDATA[<EM>Aedes albopictus </EM>has been established in Europe for some decades rendering temperate countries vulnerable to tropical diseases. The Italian chikungunya (CHIK) outbreak in the summer of 2007 demonstrated that indigenous transmission of CHIK was possible in Europe.]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Jan 2010 13:06:12 GMT</pubDate>
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    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Recently introduced Aedes albopictus in Corsica is competent to Chikungunya virus and in a lesser extent to dengue virus</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=675</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Experimental infections showed that <EM>Aedes albopictus </EM>established in Corsica since 2006, was highly competent to Chikungunya virus variant (E1-A226V) (disseminated infection rates ranging from 75% to 100%) and to a lesser extent, to dengue 2 virus (12.5–68.8%). Moreover, <EM>A. albopictus </EM>ensured a high level of viral replication and was able to transmit the virus as early as 2 days after ingestion of infected blood with around 1 000 viral RNA available in salivary glands. ]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Oct 2009 12:38:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=675</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aedes albopictus, an arbovirus vector: From the darkness to the light</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=659</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the last 30 years, the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, has spread dispersed worldwide and has recently been presented as a efficient vector of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The authors review the current geographic range and the relevant biological traits of A. albopictus in order to explain its rapid spread.]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Sep 2009 16:23:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=659</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Chikungunya fever: Short epidemiological update, Réunion Island, France</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=646</link>
      <description><![CDATA[<P>On 28 August, French authorities reported 5 cases of chikungunya fever on Réunion Island: three confirmed, one probable and one suspected under investigation. All three confirmed patients presented with an acute febrile syndrome, arthralgia, myalgia and cutaneaous rash. All live in the same area of Saint-Gilles-Les-Bains, on the western side of the island. The probable and suspected case both have stayed in the same or in a neighbouring area before the onset of their symptoms.</P>]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2009 06:22:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=646</guid>
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      <title>Chikungunya : Short epidemiological update, South-East Asia – 15 July 2009</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=635</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, countries in South-East Asia have been severely affected by outbreaks of Chikungunya fever. India was hit in 2006 after a quiescence of 32 years, following the re-emergence in Kenya in 2004 and the spread in the Indian Ocean islands in 2005. Indonesia, Maldives, and Sri Lanka have also been affected by Chikungunya. In 2008, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Indonesia reported outbreaks.]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2009 12:37:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=635</guid>
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      <title>Outbreak of chikungunya fever in North-East Italy</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=610</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Between July 4th and September 3rd, 151 cases of chikungunya fever were reported from the province of Ravenna, in the region of Emilia-Romagna in North-East Italy, of whom 27 were laboratory confirmed.]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2009 10:17:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=610</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Latest update on Chikungunya in Italy</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=609</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Active surveillance of cases of Chikungunya in North-East Italy is continuing. As a result of improved surveillance, suspected cases continue to be reported, reaching a total of 254 on 13 September. ]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2009 10:04:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=609</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Chikungunya in Italy</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=606</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Major efforts are being implemented to control the outbreak of chikungunya fever in North-East Italy. As of 14 September, the Italian authorities have reported a total of 101 confirmed cases, with a further 133 suspected cases awaiting laboratory confirmation.]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2009 09:49:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=606</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Chikungunya Fever in the Province of Ravenna, Italy</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=605</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Latest figures (5 Sep) show that a total of 197 cases of Chikungunya Fever have been reported from the province of Ravenna, in North-East Italy. Of these, 166 are either confirmed or highly probable cases (meet the case definition). ]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2009 09:47:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=605</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Chikungunya Fever in South-East Asia</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=604</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Read the latest epidemiological update about Chikungunya outbreaks in Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore. Chikungunya fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease with symptoms such as fever, joint pain, muscle pain, headache and nose and gum bleeding.]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2009 09:45:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=604</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Antiviral treatment of chikungunya virus infection</title>
      <link>http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=592</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Chikungunya (CHIK) fever is a tropical arboviral disease responsible for acute polyarthritis which can last for weeks to months. Since 2004, several million cases of chikungunya virus disease have occurred in autochthonous populations and in travelers who were diagnosed after they returned home from epidemic areas.]]></description>
      <author>System Account</author>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2009 12:28:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC Reviews/DispForm.aspx?ID=592</guid>
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